url:: https://suttacentral.net/mn118/en/sujato Parent:: [[Anapanassati|Ānāpānassati]] # MN118 Ānāpānassatisutta (Mindfulness of Breathing)— Bhikkhu Sujato | on [[Anapanassati|Ānāpānassati]] and [[Satipatthana|Satipaṭṭhāna]] Tags:: [[Anapanassati]], #dhamma/practice, #meditation/object ## Notes > [!tldr] 16 Steps of Ānāpānassati — Per Ānāpānassatisutta ([MN118](https://suttacentral.net/mn118/en/sujato)) > - [[#^1-kaya|Kāyānupassī]] (Body) > - (1) *dīgha* (Observing Long breaths) > - (2) *rassa* (Observing Short breaths) > - (3) *sabbakāya* (Experiencing Whole body going up and down, like it's floating) ([[(2023-01-04) Meditation on Advice to Rahula (Per MN62)#^7c34c6|notes]]) > - (4) *passambhayaṁ kāyasaṅkhāra* (Stilling of Breathing — i.e. [[Sankhara#3 Types of Saṅkhāra|bodily preperations]]) > - [[#Vedanānupassī (5 - 8)|Vedanānupassī]] (Feeling) > - (5) *pīti* (Experiencing [[Jhana#Summary|Joy]] / Bliss) > - (6) *sukha* (Experiencing [[Sukha#3. Sukha — The "Happiness" in Jhana Jhāna|Happiness]]) > - (7) *cittasaṅkhāra* (Observing [[Sankhara#3 Types of Saṅkhāra|Mental preperations]]) > - (8) *passambhayaṁ cittasaṅkhāra* (Stilling of Mental preperations) > - [[#Cittānupassī (9 - 12)|Cittānupassī]] (Mind) > - (9) *citta* (Observing the [[Citta#Observing the Citta|Mind]]) > - (10) *abhippamoda* (Gladdening of mind) > - (11) *samādahaṁ citta* (Attaining perfect [[Samadhi|Samādhi]]) > - (12) *vimocayaṁ citta* ([[Nibbana#4 Ways to reach Nibbāna (i.e. Vimutti)|Freeing]] the mind) > - [[#Dhammānupassī (13 - 16)]|Dhammānupassī]] (Mental content) > - (13) *anicca* (Observing [[Anicca]]) > - (14) *virāga* (Observing [[Viraga|Virāga]]) > - (15) *nirodha* (Observing [[Nirodha|Cessation]]) > - (16) *paṭinissagga* (Completely Letting go, and reading [[Nibbana|Nibbāna]]) ^16-steps-note ### Excerpts > [!NOTE] Step 1 — In Ānāpānassatisutta ([MN118](https://suttacentral.net/mn118/en/sujato)) > And how is **mindfulness of breathing** developed and cultivated to be **very fruitful and beneficial**? > _Kathaṁ bhāvitā ca, bhikkhave, **ānāpānassati** kathaṁ bahulīkatā **mahapphalā** hoti **mahānisaṁsā**?_ > > It’s when a mendicant—gone to a wilderness, or to the root of a tree, or to an empty hut—sits down **cross-legged**, **==sets their body straight==**, and **==establishes mindfulness==** in front of them. > > _Idha, bhikkhave, bhikkhu araññagato vā rukkhamūlagato vā suññāgāragato vā **==nisīdati== pallaṅkaṁ** ābhujitvā ujuṁ kāyaṁ paṇidhāya parimukhaṁ **==satiṁ upaṭṭhapetvā==**._ > > **Just mindful, they breathe in. Mindful, they breathe out**. > _**==So satova assasati satova passasati.==**_ ^step-1 > [!NOTE] Ānāpānassati — Kāyānupassī (First 4) — In Ānāpānassatisutta ([MN118](https://suttacentral.net/mn118/en/sujato)) > _**==So satova assasati==** satova passasati._ > > **Just mindful, they breathe in**. Mindful, they breathe out. > > --- > **(1)** _**==Dīghaṁ vā assasanto ‘dīghaṁ assasāmī’ti pajānāti==**, dīghaṁ vā passasanto ‘dīghaṁ passasāmī’ti pajānāti;_ > > **When breathing in heavily they know: ‘I’m breathing in heavily.**’ When breathing out heavily they know: ‘I’m breathing out heavily.’ > > --- > **(2)** _**==rassaṁ vā assasanto ‘rassaṁ assasāmī’ti pajānāti==**, rassaṁ vā passasanto ‘rassaṁ passasāmī’ti pajānāti;_ > > **When breathing in lightly they know: ‘I’m breathing in lightly.**’ When breathing out lightly they know: ‘I’m breathing out lightly.’ > > --- > **(3)** _**==‘sabbakāyapaṭisaṁvedī assasissāmī’ti sikkhati==**, ‘sabbakāyapaṭisaṁvedī passasissāmī’ti sikkhati;_ > > **They practice breathing in experiencing the whole body**. They practice breathing out experiencing the whole body. > > --- > **(4)** _**==‘passambhayaṁ kāyasaṅkhāraṁ assasissāmī’ti sikkhati==**, ‘passambhayaṁ kāyasaṅkhāraṁ passasissāmī’ti sikkhati._ > > **They practice breathing in stilling the body’s motion**. They practice breathing out stilling the body’s motion. ^1-kaya ### Bojjhanga > [!NOTE] [[Piti|Pīti]] leads to [[Passaddhi]] — In Ānāpānassatisutta ([MN118](https://suttacentral.net/mn118/en/sujato)) > When the **mind is full of rapture**, the body and **mind become tranquil**. > _**Pītimanassa** kāyopi passambhati, **cittampi passambhati**._ > > At such a time, a mendicant has activated the **awakening factor of tranquility**; they develop it and perfect it. > > _Yasmiṁ samaye, bhikkhave, bhikkhuno pītimanassa kāyopi passambhati, cittampi passambhati, passaddhisambojjhaṅgo tasmiṁ samaye bhikkhuno āraddho hoti, **passaddhisambojjhaṅgaṁ** tasmiṁ samaye bhikkhu bhāveti, passaddhisambojjhaṅgo tasmiṁ samaye bhikkhuno bhāvanāpāripūriṁ gacchati._ ^passaddhi ## Sutta Middle Discourses 118 Majjhima Nikāya 118 Mindfulness of Breathing Ānāpānassatisutta So I have heard. Evaṁ me sutaṁ— At one time the Buddha was staying near Sāvatthī in the Eastern Monastery, the stilt longhouse of Migāra’s mother, together with several well-known senior disciples, such as ekaṁ samayaṁ bhagavā sāvatthiyaṁ viharati pubbārāme migāramātupāsāde sambahulehi abhiññātehi abhiññātehi therehi sāvakehi saddhiṁ— the venerables Sāriputta, Mahāmoggallāna, Mahākassapa, Mahākaccāna, Mahākoṭṭhita, Mahākappina, Mahācunda, Anuruddha, Revata, Ānanda, and others. āyasmatā ca sāriputtena āyasmatā ca mahāmoggallānena āyasmatā ca mahākassapena āyasmatā ca mahākaccāyanena āyasmatā ca mahākoṭṭhikena āyasmatā ca mahākappinena āyasmatā ca mahācundena āyasmatā ca anuruddhena āyasmatā ca revatena āyasmatā ca ānandena, aññehi ca abhiññātehi abhiññātehi therehi sāvakehi saddhiṁ. Now at that time the senior mendicants were advising and instructing the junior mendicants. Tena kho pana samayena therā bhikkhū nave bhikkhū ovadanti anusāsanti. Some senior mendicants instructed ten mendicants, while some instructed twenty, thirty, or forty. Appekacce therā bhikkhū dasapi bhikkhū ovadanti anusāsanti, appekacce therā bhikkhū vīsampi bhikkhū ovadanti anusāsanti, appekacce therā bhikkhū tiṁsampi bhikkhū ovadanti anusāsanti, appekacce therā bhikkhū cattārīsampi bhikkhū ovadanti anusāsanti. Being instructed by the senior mendicants, the junior mendicants realized a higher distinction than they had before. Te ca navā bhikkhū therehi bhikkhūhi ovadiyamānā anusāsiyamānā uḷāraṁ pubbenāparaṁ visesaṁ jānanti. Now, at that time it was the sabbath—the full moon on the fifteenth day—and the Buddha was sitting surrounded by the Saṅgha of monks for the invitation to admonish. Tena kho pana samayena bhagavā tadahuposathe pannarase pavāraṇāya puṇṇāya puṇṇamāya rattiyā bhikkhusaṅghaparivuto abbhokāse nisinno hoti. Then the Buddha looked around the Saṅgha of monks, who were so very silent. He addressed them: Atha kho bhagavā tuṇhībhūtaṁ tuṇhībhūtaṁ bhikkhusaṅghaṁ anuviloketvā bhikkhū āmantesi: “I am satisfied, mendicants, with this practice. “āraddhosmi, bhikkhave, imāya paṭipadāya; My heart is satisfied with this practice. āraddhacittosmi, bhikkhave, imāya paṭipadāya. So you should rouse up even more energy for attaining the unattained, achieving the unachieved, and realizing the unrealized. Tasmātiha, bhikkhave, bhiyyoso mattāya vīriyaṁ ārabhatha appattassa pattiyā, anadhigatassa adhigamāya, asacchikatassa sacchikiriyāya. I will wait here in Sāvatthī for the Komudi full moon of the fourth month.” Idhevāhaṁ sāvatthiyaṁ komudiṁ cātumāsiniṁ āgamessāmī”ti. Mendicants from around the country heard about this, Assosuṁ kho jānapadā bhikkhū: “bhagavā kira tattheva sāvatthiyaṁ komudiṁ cātumāsiniṁ āgamessatī”ti. and came down to Sāvatthī to see the Buddha. Te jānapadā bhikkhū sāvatthiṁ osaranti bhagavantaṁ dassanāya. And those senior mendicants instructed the junior mendicants even more. Te ca kho therā bhikkhū bhiyyoso mattāya nave bhikkhū ovadanti anusāsanti. Some senior mendicants instructed ten mendicants, while some instructed twenty, thirty, or forty. Appekacce therā bhikkhū dasapi bhikkhū ovadanti anusāsanti, appekacce therā bhikkhū vīsampi bhikkhū ovadanti anusāsanti, appekacce therā bhikkhū tiṁsampi bhikkhū ovadanti anusāsanti, appekacce therā bhikkhū cattārīsampi bhikkhū ovadanti anusāsanti. Being instructed by the senior mendicants, the junior mendicants realized a higher distinction than they had before. Te ca navā bhikkhū therehi bhikkhūhi ovadiyamānā anusāsiyamānā uḷāraṁ pubbenāparaṁ visesaṁ jānanti. Now, at that time it was the sabbath—the Komudi full moon on the fifteenth day of the fourth month—and the Buddha was sitting in the open surrounded by the Saṅgha of monks. Tena kho pana samayena bhagavā tadahuposathe pannarase komudiyā cātumāsiniyā puṇṇāya puṇṇamāya rattiyā bhikkhusaṅghaparivuto abbhokāse nisinno hoti. Then the Buddha looked around the Saṅgha of monks, who were so very silent. He addressed them: Atha kho bhagavā tuṇhībhūtaṁ tuṇhībhūtaṁ bhikkhusaṅghaṁ anuviloketvā bhikkhū āmantesi: “This assembly has no nonsense, mendicants, it’s free of nonsense. It consists purely of the essential core. “Apalāpāyaṁ, bhikkhave, parisā; nippalāpāyaṁ, bhikkhave, parisā; suddhā sāre patiṭṭhitā. Such is this Saṅgha of monks, such is this assembly! Tathārūpo ayaṁ, bhikkhave, bhikkhusaṅgho; tathārūpā ayaṁ, bhikkhave, parisā An assembly such as this is worthy of offerings dedicated to the gods, worthy of hospitality, worthy of a religious donation, worthy of greeting with joined palms, and is the supreme field of merit for the world. yathārūpā parisā āhuneyyā pāhuneyyā dakkhiṇeyyā añjalikaraṇīyā anuttaraṁ puññakkhettaṁ lokassa. Such is this Saṅgha of monks, such is this assembly! Tathārūpo ayaṁ, bhikkhave, bhikkhusaṅgho; tathārūpā ayaṁ, bhikkhave, parisā Even a small gift to an assembly such as this is fruitful, while giving more is even more fruitful. yathārūpāya parisāya appaṁ dinnaṁ bahu hoti, bahu dinnaṁ bahutaraṁ. Such is this Saṅgha of monks, such is this assembly! Tathārūpo ayaṁ, bhikkhave, bhikkhusaṅgho; tathārūpā ayaṁ, bhikkhave, parisā An assembly such as this is rarely seen in the world. yathārūpā parisā dullabhā dassanāya lokassa. Such is this Saṅgha of monks, such is this assembly! Tathārūpo ayaṁ, bhikkhave, bhikkhusaṅgho; tathārūpā ayaṁ, bhikkhave, parisā An assembly such as this is worth traveling many leagues to see, even if you have to carry your own provisions in a shoulder bag. yathārūpaṁ parisaṁ alaṁ yojanagaṇanāni dassanāya gantuṁ puṭosenāpi. For in this Saṅgha there are perfected mendicants, who have ended the defilements, completed the spiritual journey, done what had to be done, laid down the burden, achieved their own goal, utterly ended the fetters of rebirth, and are rightly freed through enlightenment. Santi, bhikkhave, bhikkhū imasmiṁ bhikkhusaṅghe arahanto khīṇāsavā vusitavanto katakaraṇīyā ohitabhārā anuppattasadatthā parikkhīṇabhavasaṁyojanā sammadaññāvimuttā— There are such mendicants in this Saṅgha. evarūpāpi, bhikkhave, santi bhikkhū imasmiṁ bhikkhusaṅghe. In this Saṅgha there are mendicants who, with the ending of the five lower fetters are reborn spontaneously. They are extinguished there, and are not liable to return from that world. Santi, bhikkhave, bhikkhū imasmiṁ bhikkhusaṅghe pañcannaṁ orambhāgiyānaṁ saṁyojanānaṁ parikkhayā opapātikā tattha parinibbāyino anāvattidhammā tasmā lokā— There are such mendicants in this Saṅgha. evarūpāpi, bhikkhave, santi bhikkhū imasmiṁ bhikkhusaṅghe. In this Saṅgha there are mendicants who, with the ending of three fetters, and the weakening of greed, hate, and delusion, are once-returners. They come back to this world once only, then make an end of suffering. Santi, bhikkhave, bhikkhū imasmiṁ bhikkhusaṅghe tiṇṇaṁ saṁyojanānaṁ parikkhayā rāgadosamohānaṁ tanuttā sakadāgāmino sakideva imaṁ lokaṁ āgantvā dukkhassantaṁ karissanti— There are such mendicants in this Saṅgha. evarūpāpi, bhikkhave, santi bhikkhū imasmiṁ bhikkhusaṅghe. In this Saṅgha there are mendicants who, with the ending of three fetters are stream-enterers, not liable to be reborn in the underworld, bound for awakening. Santi, bhikkhave, bhikkhū imasmiṁ bhikkhusaṅghe tiṇṇaṁ saṁyojanānaṁ parikkhayā sotāpannā avinipātadhammā niyatā sambodhiparāyanā— There are such mendicants in this Saṅgha. evarūpāpi, bhikkhave, santi bhikkhū imasmiṁ bhikkhusaṅghe. In this Saṅgha there are mendicants who are committed to developing the four kinds of mindfulness meditation … Santi, bhikkhave, bhikkhū imasmiṁ bhikkhusaṅghe catunnaṁ satipaṭṭhānānaṁ bhāvanānuyogamanuyuttā viharanti— evarūpāpi, bhikkhave, santi bhikkhū imasmiṁ bhikkhusaṅghe. the four right efforts … Santi, bhikkhave, bhikkhū imasmiṁ bhikkhusaṅghe catunnaṁ sammappadhānānaṁ bhāvanānuyogamanuyuttā viharanti …pe… the four bases of psychic power … catunnaṁ iddhipādānaṁ … the five faculties … pañcannaṁ indriyānaṁ … the five powers … pañcannaṁ balānaṁ … the seven awakening factors … sattannaṁ bojjhaṅgānaṁ … the noble eightfold path. ariyassa aṭṭhaṅgikassa maggassa bhāvanānuyogamanuyuttā viharanti— There are such mendicants in this Saṅgha. evarūpāpi, bhikkhave, santi bhikkhū imasmiṁ bhikkhusaṅghe. In this Saṅgha there are mendicants who are committed to developing the meditation on love … Santi, bhikkhave, bhikkhū imasmiṁ bhikkhusaṅghe mettābhāvanānuyogamanuyuttā viharanti … compassion … karuṇābhāvanānuyogamanuyuttā viharanti … rejoicing … muditābhāvanānuyogamanuyuttā viharanti … equanimity … upekkhābhāvanānuyogamanuyuttā viharanti … ugliness … asubhabhāvanānuyogamanuyuttā viharanti … impermanence. aniccasaññābhāvanānuyogamanuyuttā viharanti— There are such mendicants in this Saṅgha. evarūpāpi, bhikkhave, santi bhikkhū imasmiṁ bhikkhusaṅghe. In this Saṅgha there are mendicants who are committed to developing the meditation on mindfulness of breathing. Santi, bhikkhave, bhikkhū imasmiṁ bhikkhusaṅghe ānāpānassatibhāvanānuyogamanuyuttā viharanti. Mendicants, when mindfulness of breathing is developed and cultivated it is very fruitful and beneficial. Ānāpānassati, bhikkhave, bhāvitā bahulīkatā mahapphalā hoti mahānisaṁsā. Mindfulness of breathing, when developed and cultivated, fulfills the four kinds of mindfulness meditation. Ānāpānassati, bhikkhave, bhāvitā bahulīkatā cattāro satipaṭṭhāne paripūreti. The four kinds of mindfulness meditation, when developed and cultivated, fulfill the seven awakening factors. Cattāro satipaṭṭhānā bhāvitā bahulīkatā satta bojjhaṅge paripūrenti. And the seven awakening factors, when developed and cultivated, fulfill knowledge and freedom. Satta bojjhaṅgā bhāvitā bahulīkatā vijjāvimuttiṁ paripūrenti. And how is mindfulness of breathing developed and cultivated to be very fruitful and beneficial? Kathaṁ bhāvitā ca, bhikkhave, ānāpānassati kathaṁ bahulīkatā mahapphalā hoti mahānisaṁsā? ### 16 Steps It’s when a mendicant has gone to a wilderness, or to the root of a tree, or to an empty hut. They sit down cross-legged, with their body straight, and establish mindfulness right there. Idha, bhikkhave, bhikkhu araññagato vā rukkhamūlagato vā suññāgāragato vā nisīdati pallaṅkaṁ ābhujitvā ujuṁ kāyaṁ paṇidhāya parimukhaṁ satiṁ upaṭṭhapetvā. Just mindful, they breathe in. Mindful, they breathe out. So satova assasati satova passasati. #### Kāyānupassī (1 - 4) When breathing in heavily they know: ‘I’m breathing in heavily.’ When breathing out heavily they know: ‘I’m breathing out heavily.’ Dīghaṁ vā assasanto ‘dīghaṁ assasāmī’ti pajānāti, dīghaṁ vā passasanto ‘dīghaṁ passasāmī’ti pajānāti; When breathing in lightly they know: ‘I’m breathing in lightly.’ When breathing out lightly they know: ‘I’m breathing out lightly.’ rassaṁ vā assasanto ‘rassaṁ assasāmī’ti pajānāti, rassaṁ vā passasanto ‘rassaṁ passasāmī’ti pajānāti; They practice breathing in experiencing the whole body. They practice breathing out experiencing the whole body. ‘sabbakāyapaṭisaṁvedī assasissāmī’ti sikkhati, ‘sabbakāyapaṭisaṁvedī passasissāmī’ti sikkhati; They practice breathing in stilling the body’s motion. They practice breathing out stilling the body’s motion. ‘passambhayaṁ kāyasaṅkhāraṁ assasissāmī’ti sikkhati, ‘passambhayaṁ kāyasaṅkhāraṁ passasissāmī’ti sikkhati. ^1-kaya-sutta #### Vedanānupassī (5 - 8) They practice breathing in experiencing rapture. They practice breathing out experiencing rapture. ‘Pītipaṭisaṁvedī assasissāmī’ti sikkhati, ‘pītipaṭisaṁvedī passasissāmī’ti sikkhati; They practice breathing in experiencing bliss. They practice breathing out experiencing bliss. ‘sukhapaṭisaṁvedī assasissāmī’ti sikkhati, ‘sukhapaṭisaṁvedī passasissāmī’ti sikkhati; They practice breathing in experiencing these emotions. They practice breathing out experiencing these emotions. ‘cittasaṅkhārapaṭisaṁvedī assasissāmī’ti sikkhati, ‘cittasaṅkhārapaṭisaṁvedī passasissāmī’ti sikkhati; They practice breathing in stilling these emotions. They practice breathing out stilling these emotions. ‘passambhayaṁ cittasaṅkhāraṁ assasissāmī’ti sikkhati, ‘passambhayaṁ cittasaṅkhāraṁ passasissāmī’ti sikkhati. ^2-vedana-sutta #### Cittānupassī (9 - 12) They practice breathing in experiencing the mind. They practice breathing out experiencing the mind. ‘Cittapaṭisaṁvedī assasissāmī’ti sikkhati, ‘cittapaṭisaṁvedī passasissāmī’ti sikkhati; They practice breathing in gladdening the mind. They practice breathing out gladdening the mind. ‘abhippamodayaṁ cittaṁ assasissāmī’ti sikkhati, ‘abhippamodayaṁ cittaṁ passasissāmī’ti sikkhati; They practice breathing in immersing the mind in samādhi. They practice breathing out immersing the mind in samādhi. ‘samādahaṁ cittaṁ assasissāmī’ti sikkhati, ‘samādahaṁ cittaṁ passasissāmī’ti sikkhati; They practice breathing in freeing the mind. They practice breathing out freeing the mind. ‘vimocayaṁ cittaṁ assasissāmī’ti sikkhati, ‘vimocayaṁ cittaṁ passasissāmī’ti sikkhati. ^3-citta-sutta #### Dhammānupassī (13 - 16) They practice breathing in observing impermanence. They practice breathing out observing impermanence. ‘Aniccānupassī assasissāmī’ti sikkhati, ‘aniccānupassī passasissāmī’ti sikkhati; They practice breathing in observing fading away. They practice breathing out observing fading away. ‘virāgānupassī assasissāmī’ti sikkhati, ‘virāgānupassī passasissāmī’ti sikkhati; They practice breathing in observing cessation. They practice breathing out observing cessation. ‘nirodhānupassī assasissāmī’ti sikkhati, ‘nirodhānupassī passasissāmī’ti sikkhati; They practice breathing in observing letting go. They practice breathing out observing letting go. ‘paṭinissaggānupassī assasissāmī’ti sikkhati, ‘paṭinissaggānupassī passasissāmī’ti sikkhati. ^4-dhamma-sutta Mindfulness of breathing, when developed and cultivated in this way, is very fruitful and beneficial. Evaṁ bhāvitā kho, bhikkhave, ānāpānassati evaṁ bahulīkatā mahapphalā hoti mahānisaṁsā. ### 4 Foundations of Mindfulness And how is mindfulness of breathing developed and cultivated so as to fulfill the four kinds of mindfulness meditation? Kathaṁ bhāvitā ca, bhikkhave, ānāpānassati kathaṁ bahulīkatā cattāro satipaṭṭhāne paripūreti? Whenever a mendicant knows that they breathe heavily, Yasmiṁ samaye, bhikkhave, bhikkhu dīghaṁ vā assasanto ‘dīghaṁ assasāmī’ti pajānāti, dīghaṁ vā passasanto ‘dīghaṁ passasāmī’ti pajānāti; or lightly, rassaṁ vā assasanto ‘rassaṁ assasāmī’ti pajānāti, rassaṁ vā passasanto ‘rassaṁ passasāmī’ti pajānāti; or experiencing the whole body, ‘sabbakāyapaṭisaṁvedī assasissāmī’ti sikkhati, ‘sabbakāyapaṭisaṁvedī passasissāmī’ti sikkhati; or stilling the body’s motion— ‘passambhayaṁ kāyasaṅkhāraṁ assasissāmī’ti sikkhati, ‘passambhayaṁ kāyasaṅkhāraṁ passasissāmī’ti sikkhati; at that time they’re meditating by observing an aspect of the body—keen, aware, and mindful, rid of desire and aversion for the world. kāye kāyānupassī, bhikkhave, tasmiṁ samaye bhikkhu viharati ātāpī sampajāno satimā vineyya loke abhijjhādomanassaṁ. For I say that the in-breaths and out-breaths are an aspect of the body. Kāyesu kāyaññatarāhaṁ, bhikkhave, evaṁ vadāmi yadidaṁ—assāsapassāsā. That’s why at that time a mendicant is meditating by observing an aspect of the body—keen, aware, and mindful, rid of desire and aversion for the world. Tasmātiha, bhikkhave, kāye kāyānupassī tasmiṁ samaye bhikkhu viharati ātāpī sampajāno satimā vineyya loke abhijjhādomanassaṁ. Whenever a mendicant practices breathing while experiencing rapture, Yasmiṁ samaye, bhikkhave, bhikkhu ‘pītipaṭisaṁvedī assasissāmī’ti sikkhati, ‘pītipaṭisaṁvedī passasissāmī’ti sikkhati; or experiencing bliss, ‘sukhapaṭisaṁvedī assasissāmī’ti sikkhati, ‘sukhapaṭisaṁvedī passasissāmī’ti sikkhati; or experiencing these emotions, ‘cittasaṅkhārapaṭisaṁvedī assasissāmī’ti sikkhati, ‘cittasaṅkhārapaṭisaṁvedī passasissāmī’ti sikkhati; or stilling these emotions— ‘passambhayaṁ cittasaṅkhāraṁ assasissāmī’ti sikkhati, ‘passambhayaṁ cittasaṅkhāraṁ passasissāmī’ti sikkhati; at that time they meditate observing an aspect of feelings—keen, aware, and mindful, rid of desire and aversion for the world. vedanāsu vedanānupassī, bhikkhave, tasmiṁ samaye bhikkhu viharati ātāpī sampajāno satimā vineyya loke abhijjhādomanassaṁ. For I say that close attention to the in-breaths and out-breaths is an aspect of feelings. Vedanāsu vedanāññatarāhaṁ, bhikkhave, evaṁ vadāmi yadidaṁ—assāsapassāsānaṁ sādhukaṁ manasikāraṁ. That’s why at that time a mendicant is meditating by observing an aspect of feelings—keen, aware, and mindful, rid of desire and aversion for the world. Tasmātiha, bhikkhave, vedanāsu vedanānupassī tasmiṁ samaye bhikkhu viharati ātāpī sampajāno satimā vineyya loke abhijjhādomanassaṁ. Whenever a mendicant practices breathing while experiencing the mind, Yasmiṁ samaye, bhikkhave, bhikkhu ‘cittapaṭisaṁvedī assasissāmī’ti sikkhati, ‘cittapaṭisaṁvedī passasissāmī’ti sikkhati; or gladdening the mind, ‘abhippamodayaṁ cittaṁ assasissāmī’ti sikkhati, ‘abhippamodayaṁ cittaṁ passasissāmī’ti sikkhati; or immersing the mind in samādhi, ‘samādahaṁ cittaṁ assasissāmī’ti sikkhati, ‘samādahaṁ cittaṁ passasissāmī’ti sikkhati; or freeing the mind— ‘vimocayaṁ cittaṁ assasissāmī’ti sikkhati, ‘vimocayaṁ cittaṁ passasissāmī’ti sikkhati; at that time they meditate observing an aspect of the mind—keen, aware, and mindful, rid of desire and aversion for the world. citte cittānupassī, bhikkhave, tasmiṁ samaye bhikkhu viharati ātāpī sampajāno satimā vineyya loke abhijjhādomanassaṁ. There is no development of mindfulness of breathing for someone who is unmindful and lacks awareness, I say. Nāhaṁ, bhikkhave, muṭṭhassatissa asampajānassa ānāpānassatiṁ vadāmi. That’s why at that time a mendicant is meditating by observing an aspect of the mind—keen, aware, and mindful, rid of desire and aversion for the world. Tasmātiha, bhikkhave, citte cittānupassī tasmiṁ samaye bhikkhu viharati ātāpī sampajāno satimā vineyya loke abhijjhādomanassaṁ. Whenever a mendicant practices breathing while observing impermanence, Yasmiṁ samaye, bhikkhave, bhikkhu ‘aniccānupassī assasissāmī’ti sikkhati, ‘aniccānupassī passasissāmī’ti sikkhati; or observing fading away, ‘virāgānupassī assasissāmī’ti sikkhati, ‘virāgānupassī passasissāmī’ti sikkhati; or observing cessation, ‘nirodhānupassī assasissāmī’ti sikkhati, ‘nirodhānupassī passasissāmī’ti sikkhati; or observing letting go— ‘paṭinissaggānupassī assasissāmī’ti sikkhati, ‘paṭinissaggānupassī passasissāmī’ti sikkhati; at that time they meditate observing an aspect of principles—keen, aware, and mindful, rid of desire and aversion for the world. dhammesu dhammānupassī, bhikkhave, tasmiṁ samaye bhikkhu viharati ātāpī sampajāno satimā vineyya loke abhijjhādomanassaṁ. Having seen with wisdom the giving up of desire and aversion, they watch over closely with equanimity. So yaṁ taṁ abhijjhādomanassānaṁ pahānaṁ taṁ paññāya disvā sādhukaṁ ajjhupekkhitā hoti. That’s why at that time a mendicant is meditating by observing an aspect of principles—keen, aware, and mindful, rid of desire and aversion for the world. Tasmātiha, bhikkhave, dhammesu dhammānupassī tasmiṁ samaye bhikkhu viharati ātāpī sampajāno satimā vineyya loke abhijjhādomanassaṁ. That’s how mindfulness of breathing, when developed and cultivated, fulfills the four kinds of mindfulness meditation. Evaṁ bhāvitā kho, bhikkhave, ānāpānassati evaṁ bahulīkatā cattāro satipaṭṭhāne paripūreti. ### [[Bojjhanga|7 Awakening Factors]] And how are the four kinds of mindfulness meditation developed and cultivated so as to fulfill the seven awakening factors? Kathaṁ bhāvitā ca, bhikkhave, cattāro satipaṭṭhānā kathaṁ bahulīkatā satta bojjhaṅge paripūrenti? Whenever a mendicant meditates by observing an aspect of the body, at that time their mindfulness is established and lucid. Yasmiṁ samaye, bhikkhave, bhikkhu kāye kāyānupassī viharati ātāpī sampajāno satimā vineyya loke abhijjhādomanassaṁ, upaṭṭhitāssa tasmiṁ samaye sati hoti asammuṭṭhā. At such a time, a mendicant has activated the awakening factor of mindfulness; they develop it and perfect it. Yasmiṁ samaye, bhikkhave, bhikkhuno upaṭṭhitā sati hoti asammuṭṭhā, satisambojjhaṅgo tasmiṁ samaye bhikkhuno āraddho hoti. Satisambojjhaṅgaṁ tasmiṁ samaye bhikkhu bhāveti, satisambojjhaṅgo tasmiṁ samaye bhikkhuno bhāvanāpāripūriṁ gacchati. As they live mindfully in this way they investigate, explore, and inquire into that principle with wisdom. So tathāsato viharanto taṁ dhammaṁ paññāya pavicinati pavicayati parivīmaṁsaṁ āpajjati. At such a time, a mendicant has activated the awakening factor of investigation of principles; they develop it and perfect it. Yasmiṁ samaye, bhikkhave, bhikkhu tathāsato viharanto taṁ dhammaṁ paññāya pavicinati pavicayati parivīmaṁsaṁ āpajjati, dhammavicayasambojjhaṅgo tasmiṁ samaye bhikkhuno āraddho hoti, dhammavicayasambojjhaṅgaṁ tasmiṁ samaye bhikkhu bhāveti, dhammavicayasambojjhaṅgo tasmiṁ samaye bhikkhuno bhāvanāpāripūriṁ gacchati. As they investigate principles with wisdom in this way their energy is roused up and unflagging. Tassa taṁ dhammaṁ paññāya pavicinato pavicayato parivīmaṁsaṁ āpajjato āraddhaṁ hoti vīriyaṁ asallīnaṁ. At such a time, a mendicant has activated the awakening factor of energy; they develop it and perfect it. Yasmiṁ samaye, bhikkhave, bhikkhuno taṁ dhammaṁ paññāya pavicinato pavicayato parivīmaṁsaṁ āpajjato āraddhaṁ hoti vīriyaṁ asallīnaṁ, vīriyasambojjhaṅgo tasmiṁ samaye bhikkhuno āraddho hoti, vīriyasambojjhaṅgaṁ tasmiṁ samaye bhikkhu bhāveti, vīriyasambojjhaṅgo tasmiṁ samaye bhikkhuno bhāvanāpāripūriṁ gacchati. When they’re energetic, spiritual rapture arises. Āraddhavīriyassa uppajjati pīti nirāmisā. At such a time, a mendicant has activated the awakening factor of rapture; they develop it and perfect it. Yasmiṁ samaye, bhikkhave, bhikkhuno āraddhavīriyassa uppajjati pīti nirāmisā, pītisambojjhaṅgo tasmiṁ samaye bhikkhuno āraddho hoti, pītisambojjhaṅgaṁ tasmiṁ samaye bhikkhu bhāveti, pītisambojjhaṅgo tasmiṁ samaye bhikkhuno bhāvanāpāripūriṁ gacchati. When the mind is full of rapture, the body and mind become tranquil. Pītimanassa kāyopi passambhati, cittampi passambhati. At such a time, a mendicant has activated the awakening factor of tranquility; they develop it and perfect it. Yasmiṁ samaye, bhikkhave, bhikkhuno pītimanassa kāyopi passambhati, cittampi passambhati, passaddhisambojjhaṅgo tasmiṁ samaye bhikkhuno āraddho hoti, passaddhisambojjhaṅgaṁ tasmiṁ samaye bhikkhu bhāveti, passaddhisambojjhaṅgo tasmiṁ samaye bhikkhuno bhāvanāpāripūriṁ gacchati. When the body is tranquil and they feel bliss, the mind becomes immersed in samādhi. Passaddhakāyassa sukhino cittaṁ samādhiyati. At such a time, a mendicant has activated the awakening factor of immersion; they develop it and perfect it. Yasmiṁ samaye, bhikkhave, bhikkhuno passaddhakāyassa sukhino cittaṁ samādhiyati, samādhisambojjhaṅgo tasmiṁ samaye bhikkhuno āraddho hoti, samādhisambojjhaṅgaṁ tasmiṁ samaye bhikkhu bhāveti, samādhisambojjhaṅgo tasmiṁ samaye bhikkhuno bhāvanāpāripūriṁ gacchati. They closely watch over that mind immersed in samādhi. So tathāsamāhitaṁ cittaṁ sādhukaṁ ajjhupekkhitā hoti. At such a time, a mendicant has activated the awakening factor of equanimity; they develop it and perfect it. Yasmiṁ samaye, bhikkhave, bhikkhu tathāsamāhitaṁ cittaṁ sādhukaṁ ajjhupekkhitā hoti, upekkhāsambojjhaṅgo tasmiṁ samaye bhikkhuno āraddho hoti, upekkhāsambojjhaṅgaṁ tasmiṁ samaye bhikkhu bhāveti, upekkhāsambojjhaṅgo tasmiṁ samaye bhikkhuno bhāvanāpāripūriṁ gacchati. Whenever a mendicant meditates by observing an aspect of feelings … Yasmiṁ samaye, bhikkhave, bhikkhu vedanāsu …pe… mind … citte … principles, at that time their mindfulness is established and lucid. dhammesu dhammānupassī viharati ātāpī sampajāno satimā vineyya loke abhijjhādomanassaṁ, upaṭṭhitāssa tasmiṁ samaye sati hoti asammuṭṭhā. At such a time, a mendicant has activated the awakening factor of mindfulness … Yasmiṁ samaye, bhikkhave, bhikkhuno upaṭṭhitā sati hoti asammuṭṭhā, satisambojjhaṅgo tasmiṁ samaye bhikkhuno āraddho hoti, satisambojjhaṅgaṁ tasmiṁ samaye bhikkhu bhāveti, satisambojjhaṅgo tasmiṁ samaye bhikkhuno bhāvanāpāripūriṁ gacchati. So tathāsato viharanto taṁ dhammaṁ paññāya pavicinati pavicayati parivīmaṁsaṁ āpajjati. investigation of principles … Yasmiṁ samaye, bhikkhave, bhikkhu tathāsato viharanto taṁ dhammaṁ paññāya pavicinati pavicayati parivīmaṁsaṁ āpajjati, dhammavicayasambojjhaṅgo tasmiṁ samaye bhikkhuno āraddho hoti, dhammavicayasambojjhaṅgaṁ tasmiṁ samaye bhikkhu bhāveti, dhammavicayasambojjhaṅgo tasmiṁ samaye bhikkhuno bhāvanāpāripūriṁ gacchati. Tassa taṁ dhammaṁ paññāya pavicinato pavicayato parivīmaṁsaṁ āpajjato āraddhaṁ hoti vīriyaṁ asallīnaṁ. energy … Yasmiṁ samaye, bhikkhave, bhikkhuno taṁ dhammaṁ paññāya pavicinato pavicayato parivīmaṁsaṁ āpajjato āraddhaṁ hoti vīriyaṁ asallīnaṁ, vīriyasambojjhaṅgo tasmiṁ samaye bhikkhuno āraddho hoti, vīriyasambojjhaṅgaṁ tasmiṁ samaye bhikkhu bhāveti, vīriyasambojjhaṅgo tasmiṁ samaye bhikkhuno bhāvanāpāripūriṁ gacchati. Āraddhavīriyassa uppajjati pīti nirāmisā. rapture … Yasmiṁ samaye, bhikkhave, bhikkhuno āraddhavīriyassa uppajjati pīti nirāmisā, pītisambojjhaṅgo tasmiṁ samaye bhikkhuno āraddho hoti, pītisambojjhaṅgaṁ tasmiṁ samaye bhikkhu bhāveti, pītisambojjhaṅgo tasmiṁ samaye bhikkhuno bhāvanāpāripūriṁ gacchati. Pītimanassa kāyopi passambhati, cittampi passambhati. tranquility … Yasmiṁ samaye, bhikkhave, bhikkhuno pītimanassa kāyopi passambhati, cittampi passambhati, passaddhisambojjhaṅgo tasmiṁ samaye bhikkhuno āraddho hoti, passaddhisambojjhaṅgaṁ tasmiṁ samaye bhikkhu bhāveti, passaddhisambojjhaṅgo tasmiṁ samaye bhikkhuno bhāvanāpāripūriṁ gacchati. Passaddhakāyassa sukhino cittaṁ samādhiyati. immersion … Yasmiṁ samaye, bhikkhave, bhikkhuno passaddhakāyassa sukhino cittaṁ samādhiyati, samādhisambojjhaṅgo tasmiṁ samaye bhikkhuno āraddho hoti, samādhisambojjhaṅgaṁ tasmiṁ samaye bhikkhu bhāveti, samādhisambojjhaṅgo tasmiṁ samaye bhikkhuno bhāvanāpāripūriṁ gacchati. So tathāsamāhitaṁ cittaṁ sādhukaṁ ajjhupekkhitā hoti. equanimity. Yasmiṁ samaye, bhikkhave, bhikkhu tathāsamāhitaṁ cittaṁ sādhukaṁ ajjhupekkhitā hoti, upekkhāsambojjhaṅgo tasmiṁ samaye bhikkhuno āraddho hoti, upekkhāsambojjhaṅgaṁ tasmiṁ samaye bhikkhu bhāveti, upekkhāsambojjhaṅgo tasmiṁ samaye bhikkhuno bhāvanāpāripūriṁ gacchati. That’s how the four kinds of mindfulness meditation, when developed and cultivated, fulfill the seven awakening factors. Evaṁ bhāvitā kho, bhikkhave, cattāro satipaṭṭhānā evaṁ bahulīkatā satta sambojjhaṅge paripūrenti. ### Knowledge and Freedom And how are the seven awakening factors developed and cultivated so as to fulfill knowledge and freedom? Kathaṁ bhāvitā ca, bhikkhave, satta bojjhaṅgā kathaṁ bahulīkatā vijjāvimuttiṁ paripūrenti? It’s when a mendicant develops the awakening factors of mindfulness, Idha, bhikkhave, bhikkhu satisambojjhaṅgaṁ bhāveti vivekanissitaṁ virāganissitaṁ nirodhanissitaṁ vossaggapariṇāmiṁ. investigation of principles, Dhammavicayasambojjhaṅgaṁ bhāveti …pe… energy, vīriyasambojjhaṅgaṁ bhāveti … rapture, pītisambojjhaṅgaṁ bhāveti … tranquility, passaddhisambojjhaṅgaṁ bhāveti … immersion, samādhisambojjhaṅgaṁ bhāveti … and equanimity, which rely on seclusion, fading away, and cessation, and ripen as letting go. upekkhāsambojjhaṅgaṁ bhāveti vivekanissitaṁ virāganissitaṁ nirodhanissitaṁ vossaggapariṇāmiṁ. That’s how the seven awakening factors, when developed and cultivated, fulfill knowledge and freedom.” Evaṁ bhāvitā kho, bhikkhave, satta bojjhaṅgā evaṁ bahulīkatā vijjāvimuttiṁ paripūrentī”ti. That is what the Buddha said. Idamavoca bhagavā. Satisfied, the mendicants were happy with what the Buddha said. Attamanā te bhikkhū bhagavato bhāsitaṁ abhinandunti. Ānāpānassatisuttaṁ niṭṭhitaṁ aṭṭhamaṁ.