Parent:: [[Pali|Pāli]] # ☸️📘 [[Pali|Pāli]] Vocabulary :) | For [[Suttas]] > [!info] Alphabet > - See [[Pali Alphabet & Pronunciation]] for proper pronounciations. > - See [[Pali Excerpts]] for example Pali sentences > [!tip] Good Dictionaries > - https://www.wisdomlib.org/pali > - https://www.buddha-vacana.org/gloss.html > - (English -> Pali) https://www.budsas.org/ebud/dict-ep/dictep-a.htm > - (Chinese) http://agama.buddhason.org/study/dic.php ^dictionary #### Other Resources - Pali glossary (with pronunciations) - https://puredhamma.net/tables-and-summaries/pali-glossary-a-k/ - https://puredhamma.net/tables-and-summaries/pali-glossary-l-z/ --- ## Vocabulary (Curated) > [!NOTE] nirutti > (feminine) an expression; a form of words; a way of speaking; an alternative terminology, a gloss - Sutta = **Su** (good) + **atta** (person / personality) ^sutta - Thus, sutta means – **"That which makes a person good or noble."** - Thus, when practicing Buddha Dhamma (Sīla, Samādhi and Paññā) via sutta makes one noble or [[Ariya]], as it leads to [[Noble 8-fold Path|Ariya Magga]] or noble path - anicca - dukkha ![[(2022-07-20) Discussion on Dhammacakkapavattana Sutta#^4ad1af]] - Issā­ & macchariya­ = jealousy and stinginess - (From Sakkapañhasutta) _Issā­macchariya­saṁ­yojana -_ fetters of jealousy and stinginess - amataṁ = **deathless** (translated by Sujato) - gata = gone to - (From Ānāpānassatisutta) _bhikkhu araññagato vā rukkhamūlagato vā suññāgāragato -_ a mendicant has gone to a wilderness, or to the root of a tree, or to an empty hut. - patiṭṭhita = was established; stood firmly; found a support - vīṇā = harp - Vilas: Vina (or veena) is an Indian music instrument - jāyati = is born; comes into existence; grows - (from Nandiyasakkasutta) _Tassa evaṁ appamattassa viharato pāmojjaṁ jāyati. -_ When they live diligently, joy springs up. - sakka = 1. a man of the Sākya race; 2. the king of devas 3. a man of the **Sākya** race; - e.g. Nandiyasakkasutta - paritassati = (pari + tas + ya) is excited or worried; shows a longing after. - Or anxious - sesa = remaining; left - asesa = nothing left - (From Saccavibhaṅgasutta) _Yo tassāyeva taṇhāya_ **_asesa_**_virāganirodho cāgo paṭinissaggo mutti anālayo_ - It’s the fading away and cessation of that very same craving with nothing left over; giving it away, letting it go, releasing it, and not adher - Bhojana = meal / food - Matta = intoxicated; full of joy - _Bhojane mattaññutā_ - Moderation in eating - Pandita = Wise, astute - karaṇa: making, causing, producing - kāraṇa: a deed, action, performance - saṅkha : (m.) a chank; a conch shell. || saṅkhā (f.) enumeration; calculation; a number; definition. - Vilas: saṅkhaṁ = perceived and considered - daṭṭhabba = to be seen; to be considered as - pañha = a question; an inquiry - paccaya = requisite (good, clothing, housing, medicine) - iṭṭhā = likable - kantā = desirable - santa = calmed; peaceful - *santindriyaṁ santamānasaṁ* — peaceful faculties and mind (in Bāhiyasutta) - kathā = talking, talk, conversation; discussion; a talk, discourse - karaṇīya = (adj.) ought to be done. (nt.), duty; obligation. - Viveka = (fr. vi+_vic_) detachment, loneliness, separation, seclusion; “singleness” (of heart), **discrimination** (of thought) - adhimutta = inclined to, was intent upon - vineyya : (abs. of vineti) having removed. (adj.) fit to be trained. - sāsana : (nt.) teaching; order; message; doctrine; a letter. ## Categories ### Pronouns - eta : (demons. pron.) that; this. (mas. sing.); takes this form in some cases. - ayaṃ : ((nom. sing. of ima), m.; f.) this person. - ahaṁ (pron. 1 pers) = (singular) I, myself; the ego; (plural) we - tvaṁ (pronoun 2 person) = you (plural sometimes used for singular, as mark of respect) - so (nominative singular masculine) = he - tesaṁ = their ### Person - purisa : (m.) a male; a man. - itthi : (f.) woman; female. || itthī (f.), woman; female. - satta : (pp. of sajjati) attached or clinging to. (m.), a creature; living being. (adj.), (the number), seven. - sāvaka : (m.) a hearer; a disciple. - ![[#^9a918b]] * bahujana : (m.) a mass of people. ### Verbs - **Most Important — Be, Exist** - atthi : _(as + a + ti)_ to **be**; to **exist**. - hoti : _(hū + a)_ to **be**; **exists**. - bhavati : _(bhu + a)_ **becomes**; to **be**; **exists**. - passati = **sees**; finds; understands - (From Vakkalisutta) _Yo kho, vakkali, dhammaṁ passati so maṁ passati; yo maṁ passati so dhammaṁ passati._ - One who sees the teaching sees me. One who sees me sees the teaching. - passanta = (future passive participle adjective) **seeing**; finding; understanding - anupassati : (anu + dis + a) observes; contemplates. - anupassi = (aor. of anupassati) observed; contemplated. - (From Ānāpānassatisutta) _kāye kāyānupassī -_ an aspect of the body - vadati = (vad + a) speaks; says; tells. ~= vadeti - Examples: *'Cetanāhaṁ, bhikkhave, kammaṁ **vadāmi**.'* - vuccati : (vac + ya) to be said or called. - pahāna = giving up, abandoning ([link](https://suttacentral.net/define/pah%C4%81na)) - From Girimānandasutta (_pahānasaññā_ - giving up) - jānāti : (ñā + nā) knows; finds out; to be aware. - anussarati : (anu + sar + a) remembers. - follows, pursues; conforms oneself to - remembers, recollects, calls to mind; reflects upon - anussati : (f.) recollection; memory; mindfulness. - labhati : _(labh + a)_ gets; obtains; attains. - gaṇhāti : _(gah + ṇhā)_ takes; holds of; seizes. - paṭilābha : (m.) attainment; acquisition; obtaining. - karoti : _(kar + o)_ does; acts; makes; builds. - akāsi : (aor. of karoti.) did, made, or performed. - khādati : (khād + a) eats; chews; bites; gnash. - pasīdati : (pa + sad + a) becomes bright; pleases or purifies; is clear or devoted. - carati : _(car + a)_ walks or roams about; behaves; practises; performs. - saṇṭhāti : _(saṃ + ṭhā + a)_ remains; stands still; to be establish. - patiṭṭhahati : _(pati + ṭhā + a)_ is established; stands firmly; finds a support. - vimuccati : (vi + muc + ya) to be released; to be emancipated. - ramati : (ram + a) delights in; enjoys oneself. - Root word for "veramaṇī", as in "Pāṇātipātā veramaṇīsikkhāpadaṁ ..." - 4 postures (See [[Dhamma/Suttas/MN/MN119 Kāyagatāsatisutta#^4-postures]]) - gacchati : (gam + a) goes; moves; walks. - gacchanta = going; moving; walking. - tiṭṭhati : (ṭhā + a; ṭhā is changed to tiṭṭha) stands; stays; abides; lasts; remains. - ṭhita = standing, staying - nisīdati : (ni + sad + a) sits down. - nisinna : sat down. - ni (not) + sinna (standing) - sayati : (si + a) sleeps; lies down. - sayāna = sleeping; lying down - sampādeti : (saṃ + pad + e) tries to accomplish; supplies; prepares. - abhinandati : (abhi + nand + a) rejoices at; finds pleasure in; approves of. - pariharati : (pari + har + a) keeps up; protects; carries about; avoids. - i.e. _"Sukhī attānaṁ pariharāmi"_ - anveti : (anu + i + a) follows; approaches. - abhiramati : (abhi + ram + a) enjoys; finds pleasure in. - abhirata = abhi + **rata** (delighted) = **taking delight in**([anabhirata](https://suttacentral.net/define/anabhirata), [rata](https://suttacentral.net/define/anabhirata)) - From Girimānandasutta (_sabbaloke anabhiratasaññā_ - dissatisfaction with the whole world) - viheseti : (vi + his + e) vexes; brings into difficulties. (see viheṭheti). - i.e. "troubles", or "annoys" - Even a Arahat would be "troubled" (or frustrated)! - rajjati : (raj + ya) finds pleasure in; to be attached to. - virajjati : (vi + rad + ya) detaches oneself; shows lack of interest in. - virāga : (m.) dispassionateness; absence of desire. - dhāreti : (dhar + e) bears; holds; wears. - i.e. remembers - mussati : (mus + ya) forgets; passes into oblivion. - sammussati : (saṃ + mus + ya) forgets. - asammuṭṭhā - pp. unmuddled; without confusion; not forgotten ### Past Particle (pp.) - vedita = (pp. of vedeti) felt; sensed; known. - iñjita : (pp. of iñjati) moved; shaken. (nt.), movement; vacillation. - Refers to the "shaking" of the mind, seen in Anapanasastikatha. - suddha : (pp. of sujjhati) become clean or pure. - As in "King Suddhōdana" — Father of the Buddha ### Nouns - attha : (m.) welfare; gain; wealth; need; want; use; **meaning**; destruction. - (Concise Pali) **aim, purpose, goal**; advantage, profit, benefit - aṭṭhāna, (nt.) (ā + ṭṭhāna) **stand, post**; name of the rubbing-post which, well cut & with incised rows of squares was let into the ground of a bathing-place, serving as a rubber to people bathing - aṭṭhāna : (nt.) 1. a wrong place or position; 2. an impossibility. - upaṭṭhāna = (neuter) going near, keeping close to; **presence**, appearance; serving, waiting on, attendance; worshiping - upaṭṭhāna : (nt.) waiting on; looking after; service; understanding. - Eryu: simply means **Establishing** - pāṇabhūta : _(m.)_ a living being. - bhūta : _(pp. of bhavati)_ become; existed. - - nidāna : (nt.) source; cause; origin. - māṇa : _(nt.)_ measure; measurement. (m.), pride; conceit. - vūpasama : _(m.)_ relief; clamness; cessation. - vipallāsa : _(m.)_ derangement; corruption; perversion. - dassana - (neuter) seeing; looking; sight (of); eyesight - (From Cundasutta) _Micchādiṭṭhiko hoti viparītadassano_ - They have wrong view. Their perspective is distorted - (masculine) insight; proper perception; understanding - ara : (nt.) spoke of a wheel * **Arahat:** VvA. 106 (in allegorical etym. of arahant = saṃsāra-cakkassa arānaṃ hatattā **“breaker of the spokes of the wheel of transmigration**”) = PvA. 7 (has saṃsāra-vaṭṭassa); * **Saṃsāra**: "wheel of transmigration" * Eryu: **Keeps going in "circles" due to raga / dvesha / moha** * paritassanā : (f.) worry; excitement; longing * geha : _(m.; nt.)_ house; dwelling place. - gehasita = related to the lay / household (sensual) life * gahapati : (m.) master of a house. ^9a918b * Eryu: i.e. lay person * citta : _(nt.)_ mind; thought; (m.), name of a month: March-April. (adj.), variegated; manifold; beautiful. (nt.), a painting; picture. - gocara : (m.) pasture; fodder; food (in common); sense object; suitable place. - (Concise dict) a grazing; search for food - ācāra : (m.) conduct; behaviour; practice. - nidāna : (nt.) source; cause; origin. - paññatti : (f.) designation; name; concept; idea; a regulation. - jātaka : (nt.) a birth story. (adj.), born; arisen. - kumāra : (m.) a boy; a youngster. - kaṅkhā : (f.) doubt; uncertainty. - nivāsa : (m.) abode; resting place; living. - piṇḍapāta : (m.) a collection of alms. - i.e. "almsround" - kopa : (m.) anger; ill-temper. ^745bae - irritation, disturbance (of the humors of the body); irritation, agitation, anger - seyyā (f.) a bed; bedding; sleep. - udaya : (m.) rise; growth; increase; income; interest (from money). ^b53898 - vaya : _(m.; nt.)_ (mano-group) age; loss; decay; expenditure. - vyaya : (m.; nt.) (mano-group) age; loss; decay; expenditure. (see vaya). - savaṇa : (nt.) hearing; the ear. - Savana, 1 (nt.)1. the ear, 2. hearing - ādi (m.), starting point; beginning. (adj.), first; beginning with. (nt.), and so on; so forth. - majjha : (m.) the middle; the waist. (adj.), middle. - pariyosāna : (nt.) the end; conclusion; perfection. - pada : (nt.) foot; foot-step; a word; position; place; reason; cause; - pāda (m.; nt.) the foot; leg; a base; one-fourth of any measure or of a stanza. - ādāsa : _(m.)_ mirror. #### Time - samaya : (m.) **time**; congregation; season; occasion; religion. - pana : ((Adversative and interogative particle) ind.) and; **yet**; but; out the contrary; and **now**; more over. - _"Tena kho pana samayena āyasmā soṇo rājagahe viharati sītavanasmiṁ_". - _Now at that time_ Venerable Soṇa was staying near Rājagaha in the Cool Grove. - kāla (m.), time. - atīta : (adj.) past; gone by. (m.), the past. - anāgata : (adj.) not come yet. (m.), the future. - paccuppanna : _(adj.)_ existing; present. - pubbe : _(loc.)_ formerly; in the past. - ratti : (f.) night. - divasa : (m.) day. - ajja : (ind.) today. - suve : (adv.) tomorrow. ### Adjectives - samanta = all; entire - vūpakaṭṭha = secluded - para : (adj.) other; another; foreign; alien; outsider. - pāra (nt.), the opposite shore; the other side. - apara : (adj.) 1. another; other; 2. western - upama (adj.) “coming quite or nearly up to” i.e. like, similar, equal - upama : (in cpds.) like; similar; having the qualities of. || upamā (f.), simile; parable; comparison. - Vilas: Upama in my language and Pali is nearness or having there - We use this word quite often in grammar - Upamana and upameya - Viparita = inverted / distorted - (adj.) reversed; changed; wrong. || viparītā (f.) contradistinction. - ghana : _(adj.)_ thick; solid; dense; compact. - i.e. ghana saññā - niya : (adj.) one's own. - bahu & appa - bahu : (adj.) much; many; plenty; abundant. (plu.) many persons. || bāhu (m.) the arm. - appa : (adj.) small; little; insignificant. (nt.), a little. - dhara : (adj.) (in cpds.) bearing; holding; keeping in mind; wearing. - sita : (adj.) 1. white; 2. depending on; attached. (nt.), a smile. - mogha : (adj.) empty; vain; useless. - Often translated as foolish / stupid - rama, (adj.) (fr. ram) delighting, enjoyable - caṇḍa : (adj.) fierce; violent; passionate. ^fc1e47 - sorata, (adj.) gentle, kind, humble, self-restrained - kevala : (adj.) lonely; unmixed; whole; entire. - padhāna : _(adj.)_ chief; foremost. (nt.) exertion; effort; striving. - gāhī : (adj.) a holder; taker; bearer. - ātāpī (adj.), ardent; strenuous. - alasa : _(adj.)_ idle; lazy. ^d9lr9m - ālasya : _(nt.)_ sloth; laziness. ### Adverbs - tattha = there, in that place - pabbajati = goes forth; becomes a monk; leaves household life - yathā = (adv.) as; like; in relation to; according to; in whatever way; just as. - yattha : _(adv.)_ wherever; where. - paraṃ : (adv.) after; beyond; further; on the other side of. || pāraṃ (adv.) beyond; across; over. ### Imperatives - Ehi, (imper. of eti) come, come here ### Numbers (See [[Pali Numbers#Numbers]]) - 1 = Paṭhama - 3 = Ti - 4 = Cattāri - 5 = Pañca - 6 = Cha - 7 = Satta - 7 = Satta - 8 = Aṭṭha - 10 = Dasa - 100 = sataṁ - 1000 = sahassa = a thousand ### Common connectors & Indeclinables - atha = then, and also - pabba = section - kathaṃ = (adv.) how? - ko = where? in what? - yadidaṁ = which is this; that is; namely. - seyyathidaṁ = As follows - kho : (ind.) indeed; really; surely; (an enclictic particle of affirmative and emphasis). - pana = and; yet; but; out the contrary; and now; more over. - puna : (ind.) again. - tad (accusative adverb) there, thither; then; thus, in regard to this; therefore - tathā - thus; so; in that way; like that (frequently followed by eva) - as correlative to yathā; ~ in that way, such a manner…that; as … so; ~ (repeated): yathā yathā - tasmātiha = therefore, then - tena = in that way, because of that, therefore. - yava : (m.) barley. || yāva (ind.), up to; as far as; so far that. - Evaṁ = so in this way; in such a way; like this - E.g. *Evaṁ me sutaṁ* - evam eva (evameva) : (ind.) just so. - yeva : _(ind.)_ (emphatic particle), even; just; also. - tato : _(ind.)_ from there; from that; thence; therefore; thereupon. - sace : (ind.) if. - mā = (indeclinable) prohibition particle: not, do not, let us hope not, I wish that… not - vata : (ind.) surely; certainly; indeed; alas. (nt.), a religious duty or observance. || vaṭa (m.), a banyan tree. vāṭa (m.) an enclosure. vāta (m.) the wind; air. - kiñci : (ind.) something. - ime = this - ittha (indeclinable) here, in this world (or “thus, in such a way”) only in cpd. -bhāv’ aññathā-bhāva such an (i.e. earthly existence and one of another kind, or existence here (in this life) and in another form” (cp. itibhāva & itthatta ... - aññathā = Another - As in "itthabhāva" (this-ness) and "aññathābhāva" (otherwise-ness) ### Vilas explanations - **Peta** is not just a usual meaning of ghostghost, but is from 2 words - Pre & ta - Pre is one who is in tremendous pain and ta = "stay". One who is in most excruciating pain and stays with it. As the being gets disembodied, it seeks body again, not to find it ### Prefixes (upasagga) *(source: [ancient-buddhist-texts.net](https://www.ancient-buddhist-texts.net/Textual-Studies/Grammar/Grammatical-Terms.htm))* - **ati** – on, further, towards, over, beyond, past, intensifier - **adhi** – on, towards, by, up to, here, intensifier - **anu** – along, after, towards, on, at, to, according to, second, low, each, every - **apa** – off, away from - **api** – on, to, towards - **abhi** – towards, against, over, on, intensifier - **ava, o** – low, down, away, negative - **ā** – nearness, out, forth, to, at, on - **u** – up, put, forth, onto - **upa** – on, up, by, diminutive - Vilas: "Near" - **du** – difficult, hard, bad, poor - **ni, nī** – down, into, back, out, away, without - **pa** – out, on, before, intensifier - **paṭi, pati** – back, against, again away, to - **parā** – onto, over, through - **pari** – around, completely, too much, away, off - **vi** – over, about, away, down, reverses meaning, intensifier - **saṁ** – near, together - **su** – well, happily, thoroughly, intensifier ### Endings > [!info] See [[Pali Word Endings]] ## Explanations by Vilas - *"vivicceva kāmehi vivicca akusalehi dhammehi"* - "viv" + "iccha" + eva = Viv = viveka which is discrimination - iccha = liking - eva = that is - Discriminating on what should be done and what should not one stays away from kama and aksusala dhamma - What is `Tassa` (by Vilas) - Tassa becomes tasya in Sanskrit and meaning in English would be “his” - when used in a personal sense, it becomes "his" ; when spoken from object perspective then it becomes "that is" - `tassa me kāyo kilanto akammañño, handāhaṁ nipajjāmī’ti`; in this context, it would be **tassa = that is ; me = mine** - whenever it is with "that is" there would be "mine" or "me" (spelt as "mey") - `Tassa me evaṁ jānato` - this is what I meant ![[SN22.79 Khajjanīyasutta#^b89162|SN22.79]] ## Appendix ### Dictionary Abbreviations ![[Pali (Dictionary) Abbreviations#Abbreviations]] ### Cases ![[Pali Summer 2020 - Declensions#^8-cases]] ### Chinese See: [[Dhamma/中文/Notes/Pali/巴利语常见词]]